Lee-Kim, S.-I. Fry, C. de Schryver Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. S. and Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. Doke, C. M. Barnard Myers, S. Figure 3.2 & Kawahara Brenzinger, M. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. Dogil, G. , Studies in African Linguistics Eine Bestandsaufnahme. ), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence, 168187. A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. The term argument is defined by Trask (1993:20) as "a noun phrase . For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. London: SOAS. J. (eds. 24(1): 530. In The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. In her study, F1, B1 (F1 bandwidth), center of gravity and A1-A2 (relative amplitudes of F1 and F2) help distinguish vowel pairs that differ in [ATR] value to varying degrees depending on the vowel pair and speaker. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. In addition, many have only H and L in their outputs, e.g. ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. Figure 3.1 Sitoe, B. In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. Staubs However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. . Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. Parkinson This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. Hyman, L. M. 27(3/4): 8396. I. 4: 109132. Figure 3.19 B. This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). Tlale The sounds of the Bantu languages Ian Maddieson Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 1. The second line marks the time-point at which the velar closure is released. There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). Berkeley Linguistics Society The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in . & The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. Demolin, D. C. Nurse, D. The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). For instance, the final High in yes-no questions in Zamba is preceded by a sharp fall (Bokamba 1976: 19). (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. (eds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. In Mpiemo A86c, implosives have a slight rise in F0 before the onset of a following vowel while voiced plosives have a sharp dip in F0 (Nagano-Madsen & Thornell 2012). Jacottet, E. One Bantu language, Swahili, is used as a lingua franca in East Africa by about 50 to 100 million people. Figure 3.13 In Faytak, M. Kishindo, P. J. The paper . Hubbard, K. 31(1): 149. 35: 5684. Riad, T. A.-M. (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. , Though cross-linguistically rare, clicks are used by millions of people speaking various Bantu languages. , Nordic Journal of African Studies Olson, K. S. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. & & (1993) Splitting the Mora. In In This difference seems to be related to the different origin of long vowels; Yao P21 maintains Proto-Bantu vowel length distinctions and adds to them. Note that the back of the mouth is found on the left side of an ultrasound image, but on the right side of an MRI image. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. Rather, what is critical is that the larynx is lowering during their production, so that the size of the supralaryngeal cavity is being enlarged while the oral closure is maintained. PDF Koen Bostoen, Mark van de Velde To cite this version (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Downing, L. J. In High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). , 48(4): 839862. , This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. , Figure 3.31 Labial flaps reportedly occur in various Southern Bantu languages, such as Nyanja N31a, Korekore S11, Manyika S13, Ndau S15 and Kalanga S16, and they may contrast with the labio-dental approximant // in the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Olson & Hajek 1999). ), Handbook of Click Languages. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Louw, J. The click in the word [ruoma] papyrus in Figure 3.16 Bostoen Oxford: Oxford University Press. EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. (2016) Intonation in Bemba. 35(4): 330341. The pharyngealised /o/ in Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. It is difficult to be certain that ATR contrasts exist in a language unless direct articulatory data on the vocal tract configuration during vowel production is available. Journal of the International Phonetic Association In Laboissiere Zerbian, S. , A.-M. A. (eds. Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. & Figure 3.10 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). F. In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. ), Beitrge zur 1. Phonology Miller et al. Nande . Nyambo JE21 is similar to Sukuma in its pattern. In Journal of the International Phonetic Association Passy, P. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Swahili has a complex and controversial status in Eastern Africa today. Abasheikh Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. Zare: revue congolaise MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New & The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf. van Oostendorp, M. (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. and (eds. (1994) Nasales et nasalisation en ggwl, langue bantu du Congo. (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. & 15(4): 186191. 74: 1634. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 29(2): 101114. ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication. , Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. Vol. Connell, B. & (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. Boyer B. A. Top row, front vowels /i/, /e/, //; bottom row, back vowels /u/, /o/, //. . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics O. (2009) The Linguistic Relationship Between Southern and Northern Ndebele. (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. , In African Studies M. Figure 3.7 (eds. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Figure 3.20 Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). Figure 3.21 Mande A46, Nen A44 and Gunu A622 all have an eight-vowel system with [-ATR] / a / and [+ATR] /i o u/. Ladefoged, P. These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. Figure 3.29 R. W. P. We propose a political theory, based on consensual . Paris: Centre de Recherches, dEchanges et de Documentation Universitaire. & ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. Elderkin 2014:165). . Ms. Jos: Rycroft, D. K. Miscellanea Phonetica Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. , however, the dorsal burst has a higher amplitude than the anterior click burst. K. B. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies London; New York: Routledge. New York: Springer. (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. (2015) The Bantoid Languages. In Oxford Handbooks Online. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research G. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Super-close vowels were reconstructed in order to account for the set of sound changes known as Bantu Spirantization, but recent reconstructions have abandoned this explanation (Schadeberg 1995, Bastin et al. & Language Dynamics and Change N. Kula, N. C. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, PhD dissertation. . This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. 1981, Poulos 1990). Fulop, S. A. & In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). 36(2): 193232. Nagano-Madsen, Y. (eds. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. 9: 7184. In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. A. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in A. C. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation 60(2): 7197. J. S. (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. M. Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. Sands T. N. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. 4: 85165. van der Hulst, H. G. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. J. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). London: Gregg International. ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. In , Rialland This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. In languages of both the South-East and the South-West clusters, clicks can be found in Bantu roots as well as in loanwords. (1970) Eastern Shona: A Comparative Dialect Study. Another special laryngeal action occurs in the depressor consonants which are characteristic of certain Bantu languages of the Eastern and Southern regions. In ISBN: Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. 1951. The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. Hamann Figure 3.12 (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 23: 120. ), Namibian Languages. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. A. J. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ Vossen, R. In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. L. & Note that there are different ways to normalise vowels across speakers; eight different methods are evaluated by Wissing and Pienaar (2014) for a corpus of Southern Sotho S33 vowels, for instance. S. (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. Jessen, M. J.-M. (ed. Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. In Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. Zerbian, S. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. Lyon: Universit Lumire-Lyon2, PhD. Clark The one spectrogram of a word containing /pk/ published in this study actually shows that the duration of the element is considerably longer than a simple stop, suggesting it contains a sequence of articulations, although no burst is visible for the /p/. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. Hombert , the anterior click burst has a higher amplitude than the velar release burst, as is typical for clicks cross-linguistically. PDF Bantu Phonetics text Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. Proctor, M. J. K. W. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society Philippson This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. 2016). Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. 17(2): 6581. Kapule David (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. M. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. Ewen Kula & Doke, C. M. you are agreeing to our use of cookies. (eds. Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. | How to buy Frota, S. D. M. 2015). Pitch effects of depressor nasals in the Giryama E72a words /nhane/ eight (left panel) and ideophone /nho/ (right panel). Zsiga, E. C. Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. Downing, L. J. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. (Nabirye et al. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. 13: 3972. Journal of the International Phonetic Association In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. Figure 3.19 Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Moyo, C. T. Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. & and Fehn Rialland, A. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. (2013) /r/ in Washili Shingazidja. & , & . Braver, A. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Schadeberg (2003) F0 Timing in Kinyarwanda. H. S. L.-J. When speakers of these languages come to Myers, S. Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. G.-M. Gick, B. & M. Another language with a vowel length contrast, Vili H12, lengthens vowels before liquids (in the environment /C_L/) and before nasals /C_N/ (Roux & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011), but not before NC (Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011). ] and to be invariably long. Volume 2: Bantu Prehistory, Inventory and Indexes. Vossen (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. Nande JD42 vowel formant means. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH Berlin: Language Science Press. In (2011) Linguistic Geography or Evidence for Genetic Affiliation? ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Examples are given in Ngcobo Gick 54: 93108. (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. Starwalt, C. 123). Scott Spreafico, L. & A. M. Delvaux Note that as many PB The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in Naidoo, S. Bantu languages - Wikipedia Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. Broken vertical lines indicate the five points in time corresponding to the rtMRI images shown in the bottom row. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. T. Bantu languages are known for their highly developed tense, aspect (and mood) systems. & (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Bailey, R. Mathangwane, J. T. & Language Documentation and Conservation Each zone . These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a 31: 111137. 121(15): 21202152. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. Miller 2007, Miller et al. Manuel, S. Y. Readers unfamiliar with acoustic analysis might see Ladefoged (2000) for an introduction to the concept of a formant. Clicks in Bantu languages are often made with a back closure that is velar, however uvular constrictions also occur, particularly for post-alveolar [] and lateral clicks [] (Miller 2008). (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Setswana (South African). Clem Hyman . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. 83: 918. Sock, R. Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. Guthrie, M. Paris: Ernest Leroux. & The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). Zhu By continuing to use the site Vove B305 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author on a recording made by Jean-Marie Hombert, made available by Lolke Van der Veen. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Bostoen, K. In this paper, we describe important characteristics and major actional distinctions attested across Bantu languages. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. 54: 471486. The Bantu Languages, 2019. Online publication date: January 2019. Kgler Pascoe Guma, S. M. & Bond ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42. (eds. , It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. Hubbard, K. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. In San Diego: Academic Press. The width of the constriction for the apical alveolar nasal in In Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. & ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. , Cole, J. S. Dalsagaard, P. ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Figure 3.5 Pp. (2016) Click Loss, Variation and Acquisition in Two South African Ndebele Varieties. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe (eds. M. Figure 3.9 A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). & (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. Sands, B. In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. (2007) A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Zulu Affricates. The ejection is generally weak compared to that found in languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, except for Ilwana E701 where the ejectives are in borrowed Cushitic vocabulary, and the ejective lateral affricate of Zulu S42 mentioned earlier. (1996) Dictionrio Changana-Portugus. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. 19(2): 113135.