WebBiomedical Research. HIV/AIDS vaccine development is one of the most important and difficult goals of modern translational medicine. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. Trewyn, P.S. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] WebRise for Animals is a national animal rights organization on a mission to end animal experimentation in our lifetime. Dudley WebMission. Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. Cox I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. 2013). In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. 2016; Ke et al. The ability to lower costs, develop more cost-effective sequencing technologies and more sophisticated phenotyping assays, and increase coordination and cooperation among centers will likely be needed to realize this potential. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. Q . The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. [7], In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. Our mission is to provide an opportunity for the Northern New England Sonographers, not just vascular, but all sonographers a means for continuing medical educational programs and sharing of opportunities for growth. WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. Chan K ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. 2016 ANNUAL REPORT Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. Roth, D.W.M. Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. % I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. Robert Lanford and colleagues provide an in-depth review of the history and continuing issues around the use of chimpanzees to ameliorate these three forms of hepatitis, which are caused by three different, unrelated viruses. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. . Rise for Animals (NEAVS) | Boston, MA | Cause IQ %PDF-1.5 They also discuss early experiments using chimpanzees, which, while unsuccessful in themselves, provided information that was useful for development of the SIV-macaque animal model. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. They also discuss the relationship between studies that utilize rodents and those that use NHPs, as well as details regarding the relative merits of using rhesus macaques versus cynomolgus macaques. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. The short generation times of mice and their fecundity contribute to the success of these technologies. For example, very shortly after Zika virus was identified as a teratogen in human populations, the demand for female NHPs, such as rhesus macaques, increased. This paper emphasizes the fact that environmental enrichment is a dynamic process that has evolved over time and will continue to be optimized in the future. Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. Rubio The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). AV Magazine. , Liesz A. Manolio Phillips [21], In 2000 collaboration between NEAVS and Tufts University's Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine led Tufts to become the first U.S. veterinary school without a terminal lab requirement, a procedure where students train on live animals before euthanizing them. Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. , Lackner A. Xia (2) To conduct high impact research Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. There are currently no plans to develop an NHP version of the human HapMap. As a replacement, NEAVS helped develop an alternative program involving spay/neuter surgeries for homeless cats. All rights reserved. The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). McGinley , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. CG Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. The animal rights organizations are more successful at molding public opinion than are the research organizations that use animals. Havel Neavs - Overview, News & Competitors | ZoomInfo.com Sasaki . Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. D Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. K JCI WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program Due to logistical issues and member relocation the chapter went inactive in 2005 until Steve Knight, Nicole Ball, Sue Maguire and Jack Siegel re-activated the NNEVS in 2009. A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. Biomedical Research Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. JA Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. S These experiments cause even greater suffering, high death rates, and other negative health consequences for the millions of animals used. In this article Ronald Veasey and the late Andrew Lackner emphasize studies in NHPs that underlay all of these advances: understanding the basic features of pathogenesis of HIV-like viruses (SIVs) using monkeys such as rhesus macaques. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. Harding These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. New England Anti-Vivisection Society - Infogalactic: the Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. Email - eNEWS: NEAVS makes Lush Prize short list and Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. [37][38], In 2010 NEAVS, along with other animal protection organizations, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to review a policy listing chimpanzees as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act when found in the wild and "threatened" when in captivity. T Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. 2016). . J International Bans , Locke P. Veazey In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. NHP centers provide animals and collaborate with diverse researchers from both academic and commercial laboratories. Neeves, D.M. To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. Zimmermann, E.J. endobj NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification.