In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Nutrition, physical activity/physical education through 8 content areas loosely aligned with Coordinated School Health (CSH), Nutrition, physical activity, asthma, sexual health, safety, and tobacco, structured around the eight-component CSH model; assessment is customized by users selection of topics, 11 characteristics of a healthy school and community model that incorporates the eight-component CSH model and effective teaching and learning indicators, based on the development of the whole child, Assessment and planning; evaluation tool for the Healthy Schools Program, Assessment and planning; compatible with a School Improvement Plan, PDF and paper version; access to Online Analysis Tool (OAT), On-site technical assistance sessions for selected sites, Training manual, free on-site workshops, technical assistance, Online resources, trainings, consultancy, and technical assistance, School champion enters information online after consulting with others, Completed inventory generates an action plan based on local priorities, Team creates an action plan based on assessment results using online tool or available template, Healthy School Improvement Plan is created automatically once data is entered into OAT; completed Online Analysis Tool generates a Healthy School Improvement Plan, Resource database and technical assistance based on the inventory; national recognition program, Resources through Web site and partner organizations. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. The study assessed a group counseling intervention and found no statistically significant effects on the prevalence of anxiety, self-esteem, internalizing behavior or externalizing behavior [29]. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. Make the most of doctor visits. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c). Valentina Baltag, The computer software organizes data in ways that are easy to interpret and put to use. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. Record and track your progress toward your health goals, such as lowering your cholesterol level. Personal health records and patient portals - Mayo Clinic However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. Importance of School Records Management: What Your Competitors Say CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. Linking School Nurses With Health Care Systems Using EHRs: An Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. (2019). Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice, Call for Conference Presentation Submissions, NCPD Contact Hours Certificates and Transcripts, Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy, Healthcare Information and Management Systems. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . Why Certain School Records Are Important to Keep More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? Strongest evidence in favor of oral health interventions emerged from a SR on universal topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25]. Silver Spring, MD: Author. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Meaningful use of school health data - PubMed This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Importance Of School Health Services In Schools | ipl.org School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Kid Kohl, Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. school health services It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Higgins and OSullivan assessed the FRIENDS for Life program, a manual-based cognitive behavioral anxiety prevention program comprised of ten sessions with developmentally-tailored programs for different age groups [32]. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. This was never required as consensus was always reached. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing.