The first type is uta or song. Later, kabuki began incorporating other instruments like the shamisen. UNESCO considers it to be an intangible cultural heritage because it has such a rich history. 6 Traditional Japanese Instruments That You Can Listen To Today Kabuki music can be divided into three categories: geza, shosa-ongaku, and ki and tsuke.[3]. Japanese traditional dance - Wikipedia Writer Yukio Mishima pioneered and popularised the use of kabuki in modern settings and revived other traditional arts, such as Noh, adapting them to modern contexts. In an effort to clamp down on kabuki's popularity, women's kabuki, known as onna-kabuki, was banned in 1629 for being too erotic. Gagaku is divided into two main categories: Old Music and New Music. Actors speak in monotones and are usually accompanied by the shamisen, biwa, and other traditional Japanese musical instruments. Gaudy and strong colours can convey foolish or joyful emotions, whereas severe or muted colours convey seriousness and focus. A single syllable in the text is sung to several notes. [17] However, by 1947 the ban on kabuki was rescinded, but censorship rules lingered. Chnori (riding in mid-air) is a technique, which appeared toward the middle of the 19th century, by which an actor's costume is attached to wires and he is made to "fly" over the stage or certain parts of the auditorium. Thus, the plays often present conflicts involving such religious ideas as the transitory nature of the world (from Buddhism), and the importance of duty (from Confucianism), as well as more general moral sentiments. Benihana of Tokyo, Inc., an entity not affiliated with BNC, sells franchises outside those locations.What company owns Benihana?Benihana agreed in 2012 to be purchased by the private equity firm of Angelo Gordon & Company for $296 million.Is Steve Aoki's dad the owner of Benihana?New York City, New York, U.S. Hiroaki Aoki ( , Aoki Hiroaki, October 9, 1938 July 10, 2008), best known as Rocky Aoki, was a Japanese-American amateur wrestler and restaurateur who founded the popular Japanese cuisine restaurant chain Benihana.Does Steve Aoki own Benihana?While Hiroaki "Rocky" Aoki was best known as the multimillionaire founder of Benihana, the popular chain of Japanese restaurants with over 100 locations worldwide, his daredevil exploits and wild personal life often threatened to overshadow his business success.Did, How many kabuki locations are there?We are proud to be serving Japanese cuisine that everyone around the table will enjoy and love at 17 locations throughout Southern California, Arizona, Nevada and Texas.Is Benihana a franchise?Benihana National Corp. (BNC) is the franchisor of BENIHANA restaurants in the United States, Central and South America (excluding Mexico), and the Caribbean. It ends with a lively dance finale (giri shosagoto) with a large cast. Kabuki is a traditional Japanese form of theater that has been around since the 1600s. (trans.)(1993). [5] Kawatake Mokuami commonly wrote plays that depicted the common lives of the people of Edo. Okunis Kabuki was the first dramatic entertainment of any importance that was designed for the tastes of the common people in Japan. Traditional Japanese music is the folk or traditional music of Japan. Kabuki is a form of classical theater in Japan known for its elaborate costumes and dynamic acting. Like many bunraku plays, it was adapted for kabuki, eventually becoming popular enough to reportedly inspire a number of real-life "copycat" suicides, and leading to a government ban on shinju mono (plays about love suicides) in 1723. A unique feature of a kabuki performance is that what is on show is often only part of an entire story (usually the best part). The structure of a full-day performance was derived largely from the conventions of both bunraku and Noh theatre. There is really no standard for the use of instruments, but there are three typical categories of music in kabuki: geza, shoso-ongagku, and ki/tsuke. [23], Some local kabuki troupes today use female actors in onnagata roles. Regardless, since incorporating more advanced technology in the new stage sets, costumes, and lighting, Super Kabuki has regained interest from the young demographic[citation needed]. An additional outer curtain called doncho was not introduced until the Meiji era following the introduction of western influence. The theatres' new location was called Saruwaka-ch, or Saruwaka-machi; the last thirty years of the Tokugawa shogunate's rule is often referred to as the "Saruwaka-machi period", and is well known for having produced some of the most exaggerated kabuki in Japanese history. Shmy is a translation of the Sanskrit word sabda-vidya, which means "the (linguistic) study of language".[10]. During the course of a Kabuki production, four "acts" take place: the deha, chuha, odoriji, and the iriha. It was founded in the early 17th century in Kyoto by a female temple dancer, Izumo no Okuni.Where do kabuki masks come from?Kamen masks were imported from Korea and used to celebrate the art of dancing, singing and music before being used by Noh theater and kygen, around the 14th century. How do I stop unwanted web pages from opening in Chrome? Japanese performing arts, the varied and technically complex dance and theatre arts of Japan. Yoshitaki Utawgawa Kabuki is a popular form of Japanese musical drama characterized by elaborate costuming and make-up and stylized dancing, music and acting. Since the word kabuki is believed to derive from the verb kabuku, meaning "to lean" or "to be out of the ordinary", the word kabuki can also be interpreted as "avant-garde" or "bizarre" theatre. Bugaku and Noh have a fragile elegance and an extreme subtlety of movement. Shosa-ongaku encompasses music that is played on the stage and accompanies acting and dancing. Kabuki () is a classical Japanese dance - drama. Therefore, to enhance the enjoyment derived, it would be good to read a little about the story before attending the show.13 Jun 2021What is the origin and meaning of kabuki?The word kabuki combines the Japanese words ka (song), bu (dance), and ki (skill). The sensuous character of the dances (and the prostitution of the actors) proved to be too disruptive for the government, which in 1629 banned women from performing.Jan 1, 2022Who banned kabuki?The raucous and often violent atmosphere of kabuki performances attracted the attention of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate,, Who owns Kobe Steakhouse?Chau NguyenChau Nguyen, current owner of Kobe Steakhouse and the son of founder Doi Tan Nguyen, about those first days of Kobe Steakhouse right here with the first location in Altamonte Springs and their plans for the future. The strongest ties of Kabuki are to the Noh and to jruri, the puppet theatre that developed during the 17th century. Therefore, to enhance the enjoyment derived, it would be good to read a little about the story before attending the show.What are the important characteristics of kabuki?Important characteristics of Kabuki theatre include its particular music, costumes, stage devices and props as well as specific plays, language and acting styles, such as the mie, in which the actor holds a characteristic pose to establish his character.What makes kabuki theatre different from other Theatres?Kabuki theatre is known for its heavily-stylised performances, the often-glamorous costumes worn by performers, and for the elaborate kumadori make-up worn by some of its performers. Kabuki traditions in Edo and the Kyoto-Osaka region (Kamigata) differed; throughout the Edo period, Edo kabuki was defined by its extravagance, both in the appearance of its actors, their costumes, stage tricks and bold mie poses. A unique feature of a kabuki performance is that what is on show is often only part of an entire story (usually the best part). Deemed unattractive, he mainly performed buy, or dancing, in dramas written by Kawatake Mokuami, who also wrote during the Meiji era to follow. Since feudal laws in 17th century Japan prohibited replicating the looks of samurai or nobility and the use of luxurious fabrics, the kabuki costumes were groundbreaking new designs to the general public, even setting trends that still exist today. Exploring The Traditional Instruments Of Kabuki Music Kabuki theatres became well known as a place to both see and be seen in terms of fashion and style, as the audiencecommonly comprising a number of socially low but economically wealthy merchantstypically used a performance as a way to feature the fashion trends. Koto Koto Page for Kids http://www.kotoworld.com/kids.html In the earliest forms of kabuki, female performers played both men and women in comic playlets about ordinary life. Geza includes music and sound effects played on stage, behind a black bamboo curtain called a kuromisu. The individual kanji that make up the word kabuki can be read as "sing" (), "dance" (), and "skill" (). An office towerwhich includes the theatrewas opened on the site in 2013.Jan 1, 2022How is kabuki being played in the modern days?Today, kabuki is the most popular of the traditional styles of Japanese drama, with its star actors often appearing in television or, What is hibachi-style food?Hibachi-style food is a barbecue of meat, seafood and vegetable dishes on a very hot cooking surface, located on a ceramic or wooden bowl with charcoal burning. Tamaya Yamazaburou's pieces are influenced by jiuta () music. The actors attempt to synchronize their lines with the rhythm of takemotoan effect known as ito ni noru ('get onto strings'). While still maintaining most of the historical practices of kabuki, Ichikawa En- ()[36] aimed to broaden its appeal by creating a new genre of kabuki productions called "Super Kabuki" (). Various types of drums were used in kabuki. 25 November 2007 <, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 18:10. Shmy came from India, and it began in Japan in the Nara period. Actors speak in monotones and are usually accompanied by the shamisen, biwa, and other traditional Japanese musical instruments. Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing". Jones, Stanleigh H. Jr. You may hear narrators who have an emotional and powerful delivery sharing the stage with the actors. . Shosa-ongaku. Yamazaburou was an owner of a parlor house in the red-light district of Yoshiwara. It exhibits music, dance, acting . There are four main jruri styles. Many of them trace their ancestry and performing styles to the earliest Kabuki actors and add a generation number after their names to indicate their place in the long line of actors. (Kyoku usually means a musical piece or musical number in modern Japanese.) Ichikawa KodanjiIV was considered one of the most active and successful actors during the Saruwaka-machi period. What type of music is played in Kabuki? - Kabuki The crowd at a kabuki performance often mixed different social classes, and the social peacocking of the merchant classes, who controlled much of Japan's economy at the time, were perceived to have encroached upon the standing of the samurai classes, both in appearance and often wealth. Kizaemon changed his name to Ogie Royuu IV in 1876 or 1879. Narimono is played by small percussion instruments[4] besides the shamisen. Kagura dances dedicated to native deities and performed at the imperial court or in villages before local Shint . This Western interest prompted Japanese artists to increase their depictions of daily life, including the depiction of theatres, brothels, main streets and so on. Shogakukan. Kabuki BY Annie, Rachel and Liv Kabuki plays were divided into 3 types, Shosagoto, Jidaimono and Sewamono. There are a variety of female roles, including lively young women, noble princesses, unpretentious wives of townsfolk, and resolute women from samurai families.Why are all Kabuki actors male?All-male casts became the norm after 1629, when women were banned from appearing in kabuki due to the prevalent prostitution of actresses and violent quarrels among patrons for the actresses' favors.What is one way, Where is kabuki performed?The acting in Kabuki can be so stylized that it becomes virtually indistinguishable from dancing. The term keren (), often translated as "playing to the gallery", is sometimes used as a catch-all for these tricks. Kabuki music includes three primary categories: geza, shosa-ongaku, and ki and tsuke. Reserved charcoal gives it unique flavor. They are kabuki and bunraku, the puppet theater, both dating originally from the 17th and 18th centuries, and n, dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, the precursor of both. It didn't take long for the style to become popular, and Okuni was asked to perform before the Imperial Court. Many if not most sewamono contain significant elements of this theme of societal pressures and limitations. Kabukis highly lyrical plays are regarded, with notable exceptions, less as literature than as vehicles for actors to demonstrate their enormous range of skills in visual and vocal performance. An office towerwhich includes the theatrewas opened on the site in 2013. Rarely is an opportunity missed to insert dancing, whether the restrained, flowing movement of the onnagata or the exaggerated posturings of the male characters. In addition to the handful of major theatres in Tokyo and Kyoto, there are many smaller theatres in Osaka and throughout the countryside. Teppanyaki-style cooking, on the other hand, uses a solid, flat iron griddle to cook food, most often in a restaurant setting.Why do they call teppanyaki hibachi?Teppanyaki is a Japanese style of cooking that involves grilling over a large steel hotplate. These are centuries-old traditions which continue today: There are other four jruri styles which have largely died out. Benihana of Tokyo, Inc., an entity not affiliated with BNC, sells franchises outside those locations.What is kabuki known for?Kabuki, traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and dancing performed in a highly stylized manner. The final act, corresponding to ky, is almost always short, providing a quick and satisfying conclusion. In a theater a voice with volume was important, so Ogie Royuu I stopped singing in the theater. The rotating stage is known as kabuki no butai.Oct 5, 2011Why is kabuki theater, What makes kabuki unique?Kabuki is an art form rich in showmanship. The stories and actors have been recreated in many different art forms, including woodblock prints, books, magazines, oral storytelling, photography in later years, and others. Kabuki plays include a variety of intermingled episodes which develop toward a final dramatic climax. While jruri plays tend to have serious, emotionally dramatic, and organised plots, plays written specifically for kabuki generally have looser, more humorous plots. This endeavour would prove successful, with the Emperor sponsoring a kabuki performance on 21 April 1887. During the course of a Kabuki production, musicians are located both on and off the stage. "Yoshitsune and the Thousand Cherry Trees." Shosa-ongaku encompasses music that is played on the stage and accompanies acting and dancing. Miyake, Shutar (1971). After all, they have had more time to focus on and to hone their skills.What is the female role in Kabuki?The onnagata actors who play female roles in Kabuki do not imitate actual women; they create an on-stage image of a woman through the power of their art. It is not jruri but is like nagauta. It comes in three different neck sizes - thick, medium, and thin, and there are also variations in skin and string thickness and the bridge's weight. Kabuki stages and theaters have steadily become more technologically sophisticated, and innovations including revolving stages and trap doors were introduced during the 18th century. Important elements of kabuki include the mie (), in which the actor holds a picturesque pose to establish his character. Types of Kabuki - Kabuki What Various Dance Styles Look Like Around the World - Insider Japan is known for its mastery of the art of kabuki. It is a brazier which is either round, cylindrical, or box-shaped, open-topped container, made from or lined with a heatproof material and designed to hold burning charcoal.Is hibachi traditional Japanese?In Japan, a Hibachi (literally meaning a fire bowl) is, What do we call someone who cooks?A cook is sometimes referred to as a chef, although in the culinary world, the terms are not interchangeable. Tamaya Yamazaburou () composed new ogiebushi pieces at the end of the Edo period. Shamisen - artelino [32] Diagonally across from the Minami-za,[33] the last remaining kabuki theater in Kyoto,[33] it stands at the east end of a bridge (Shij hashi)[33] crossing the Kamo River in Kyoto. It is known for its unique music and its use of various instruments and voices. Traditional Japanese Music - Kabuki - YouTube Entitled Kinoshita Group presents New Kabuki Final Fantasy X and part of celebrations of the Final Fantasy franchise's 35th anniversary, it is scheduled to be performed at the IHI Stage Around Tokyo from March 4th to April 12th, 2023.[38][39]. Katbushi, icchuubushi and miyazonobushi are old style. One important way the laboring class was able to enjoy kabuki performances outside of the stage was through home-brewed shows called Noson kabuki (, "village kabuki"). Male actors specialized in women's roles are called onnagata. Therefore, to enhance the enjoyment derived, it would be good to read a, What makes kabuki theater unique?Kabuki is an art form rich in showmanship. Thus, the Japanese theater has maintained this ancestral tradition in Japanese culture.Why is kabuki theatre important?Not only did kabuki provide entertainment and great performances, but it was also a source of the latest fashion trends. It has been noted that certain styles of samisen music had been able to create concert repertoires disconnected from dance or party accompaniment. In the deha, the setting is depicted and the characters are introduced. These actors have carried the traditions of Kabuki from one generation to the next with only slight alterations. Shoriya Aragoro. These traps raise and lower actors or sets to the stage. [5] His kabuki performances became quite popular once the Saruwaka-machi period ended and theatre returned to Edo; many of his works are still performed. Kabuki music can be divided into three categories: geza, shosa-ongaku, and ki and tsuke. Sections of the Fact Sheet are: introduction; gagaku; religious music; biwa, koto, shakuhachi and shamisen; folk songs; Western music comes to Japan; the native ballad, or enka; the birth of Japanese pop music, or kayokyoku; "new music" and after; and Western classical music in Japan. Traditionally, a constant interplay between the actors and the spectators took place in the Kabuki theatre. New York: Weatherhill. Another special feature of kabuki costumes is the katsura, or the wig. [21] Well-known onnagata actor Band Tamasabur V has appeared in several non-kabuki plays and movies, often in the role of a woman. Therefore, to enhance the enjoyment derived, it would be good to read a little about the story before attending the show.13-Jun-2021What do you think is the importance of the kabuki makeup of Japan?Kumadori is makeup used for theatrical performances. During the chuha, the story unfolds, characterized by lyricism, to a dramatic point. Kabuki was one of the three most popular dramatic forms of Japan, the other two being Noh drama and puppet theater (bunraku).Singers and an orchestra of drums, flutes, wooden clappers, and samisen (a stringed instrument similar to the banjo) accompanied the highly stylized dialogue, lively and often violent action, and captivating dances of Kabuki. -kabuki has a group of musicians known as the geza, who perform offstage (unseen) -kabuki is a drama performed in a theater, with singers and instrumental musicians on stage as well as dancers -kabuki has musicians and singers onstage who perform nagauta and gidayu. Make cleaning up your email inboxes at the end of the week a weekly ritual.How can I be carbon neutral at home?Top tips to reduce your carbon emissionsFor the majority of us, controlling our heating is the first step in reducing carbon emissions.Invest in a new heating system.Insulate your house.Draught-proofing.low-power lightingENERGY STAR-qualified applianceslow-carbon travel.Utilize less, recycle more.What are some examples of carbon footprint?Emissions of greenhouse gases are produced by many of our daily activities, such as burning gasoline while driving, heating our homes with gas or oil, or using electricity produced from coal, natural gas, and oil.What is the main cause of carbon footprint?Burning fossil fuels for transportation, heat, and electricity is the, When was Onna kabuki banned?The popularity of onna (women's) Kabuki remained high until women's participation was officially banned in 1629 by the shogun (military ruler) Tokugawa Iemitsu, who thought that the sensuality of the dances had a deleterious effect on public morality.When was Yaro kabuki banned?kabuki then became popular, but in 1652 it was also banned because of the adverse effect on public morals of the prostitution activities of the adolescent male actors.Why was the kabuki theatre banned?History of the form Okuni's Kabuki was the first dramatic entertainment of any importance that was designed for the tastes of the common people in Japan. Structurally, the plays are typically composed of two or more themes in a complex suji (plot), but they lack the strong unifying element for which Western drama strives. Toita, Yasuji (1970). 17 Traditional Japanese Musical Instruments You Should Know In addition, Square Enix announced a Super Kabuki adaptation of Final Fantasy X collaborating with Tokyo Broadcasting System in 2022. The first instances of kabuki used the hayashi from Noh performances. There are five primary music instruments used in kabuki theater: the nagauta (vocal music performed with shamisen, a type of stringed instrument), the narimono (instrumental ensembles), the nkan (flute), the ko-tsuka (small hand drum Utai (or songs of encouragement) are performed by an eight to ten-member chorus, accompanied by the instruments. The music can be divided into two main categories: -Usually has a very definite rhythm according to drum beats/shamisen and actors use mainly the. Takemoto basically recites the parts of the play concerning scenery. There are three styles of nagauta: one for kabuki dance, one for kabuki plays (dialogue), and one for music unconnected with kabuki. There was a great need for stability and isolation, which helped Japan to recover its unification during this time frame. A jruri play may sacrifice the details of sets, puppets, or action in favor of the chanter, while kabuki is known to sacrifice drama and even the plot to highlight an actor's talents. Gagaku () is court music, and is the oldest traditional music in Japan. What is it called when a restaurant cooks in front of you? Gagaku music includes songs, dances, and a mixture of other Asian music. This technique is often used to lift an entire scene at once. Nagauta () is a style of music played using the shamisen. Kabuki makeup provides an element of style easily recognizable even by those unfamiliar with the art form. "ANU Za Kabuki." Ed. Kabuki has been influenced by Noh theater and bunraku puppet plays. New York: Columbia University Press. It is often translated into English as "strange things" or "the crazy ones", and referred to the style of dress worn by gangs of samurai. Kabuki: History, Themes, Famous Plays and Costumes Young (adolescent) men were still preferred for women's roles due to their less obviously masculine appearance and the higher pitch of their voices. Cooks' responsibilities include preparing food, managing food stations, cleaning the kitchen, and helping the chefs.What is a hibachi chef called?A teppanyaki chef is more than a cook who's mastered the teppanyaki style of cuisine. The Musical Diversity Of Kabuki: Ancient Traditions And Contemporary The color of the kumadori is an expression of the character's nature: red lines are used to indicate passion, heroism, righteousness, and other positive traits; blue or black, villainy, jealousy, and other negative traits; green, the supernatural; and purple, nobility.[13]. Band Tamasabur V Okuni Kawatake Mokuami Tsuruya Namboku IV Namiki Gohei I Related Topics: chobo aragoto giri jidaimono Kabuki jhachiban See all related content Kabuki, traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and dancing performed in a highly stylized manner. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau. A rich blend of music, dance, mime, and spectacular staging and costuming, it has been a major theatrical form in Japan for four centuries.Jan 1, 2022What is hibachi food?Hibachi-style food is a barbecue of meat, seafood and vegetable dishes on a very hot cooking surface, located on a ceramic or wooden bowl with charcoal burning. Traditional Japanese Music - Kabuki Fantasy & World Music by the Fiechters 693K subscribers Subscribe 1.4K Share 42K views 2 years ago #kabuki #asianmusic #traditional Buy World of Wonders. Kabuki - Music in World Cultures Ogiebushi declined after 1818. Many actors will go through at least three names over the course of their career. How does kabuki reflect Japanese culture and tradition? The street was renamed after Saruwaka Kanzaburo, who initiated Edo kabuki in the Nakamura-za in 1624. Although the basic purposes of Kabuki are to entertain and to allow the actors to demonstrate their skills, there is a didactic element, an ideal represented by the notion of kanzen-chaku (reward the virtuous and punish the wicked). [43] Each actor has a different wig made for every role, constructed from a thin base of hand-beaten copper custom-made to fit the actor perfectly, and each wig is usually styled in a traditional manner. Kabuki shinp (, "Kabuki news")[56] was another popular medium for kabuki consumption among commoners and elites alike. [18], The ensuing period of occupation following World War II posited a difficult time for kabuki; besides the war's physical impact and devastation upon the country, some schools of thought chose to reject both the styles and artforms of pre-war Japan, kabuki amongst them. [26] Kabuki troupes regularly tour Asia,[27] Europe[28] and America,[29] and there have been several kabuki-themed productions of Western plays such as those of Shakespeare. The famous playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon, one of the first professional kabuki playwrights, produced several influential works during this time, though the piece usually acknowledged as his most significant, Sonezaki Shinj (The Love Suicides at Sonezaki), was originally written for bunraku. What size does Facebook profile picture need to be? Also during the Genroku period was the development of the mie style of posing, credited to kabuki actor Ichikawa Danjr I,[12] alongside the development of the mask-like kumadori makeup worn by kabuki actors in some plays.[13]. [19] Director Tetsuji Takechi's popular and innovative productions of kabuki classics at this time are credited with sparking new interest in kabuki in the Kansai region. UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Censorship in Japan Occupation of Japan, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Visions of People: The Influences of Japanese Prints Ukiyo-e Upon Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century French Art", "Successful Period | History of Kabuki | INVITATION TO KABUKI", Kabuki Chronology of the 19th century at Kabuki21.com, "Kabuki Tours in North And South America", https://sites.google.com/site/zakabuki2010/who-we-are, "UNESCO Culture Sector Intangible Heritage 2003 Convention", "Final Fantasy X Kabuki Adaptation Gets New CM Narrated by Tidus VA Masakazu Morita", Ukon Ichikawa as Genkur Kitsune flying over audience, "Art made to be viewed with the curtains closed - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun", "From Yomihon to Gkan: Repetition and Difference in Late Edo Book Culture", "KABUKI: HISTORY, THEMES, FAMOUS PLAYS AND COSTUMES | Facts and Details", Japanese Culture - Entertainment - Kabuki Theater, "History of Kabuki: Birth of Saruwaka-machi", photograph of Kabuki-za in Kyobashi-ku, Kobiki-cho, Tokyo (1900), Kabuki prints by Utagawa Kuniyoshi (17981861), Audio recording of the kabuki play Narukami, "Kabuki Performance and Expression in Japanese Prints" exhibition, Museum of Art and Archaeology at the University of Missouri, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabuki&oldid=1152181329, Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, Articles containing Japanese-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles needing additional references from June 2014, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Kabuki.