That, in turn, requires a source of money to pay such professional journalists. Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? exam 2 possibly. C. Filters make it easier to find specific information in a large database. Which of the following would be least likely to engage controlled attention? D) A majority of incongruent items leading to a decreased Stroop effect. On the one hand, its good that the big players are finally stepping up and taking responsibility. Pyramid source: Wi kimedia Commons. A) Filtering makes it possible to view specific data. C) Single filter model Excel chapter 6 Flashcards | Quizlet Which one of the following statements about Filtering and Sorting is true? The truth of news stories is far murkier and multi-faceted. B) The filtering function can be applied to only one data set on a worksheet. C) Information with semantic relevance receives further processing even if not directly attended to. Which of the following would not be an example of external communication Question options: Sales office memo Memo Request for Proposal Press release, Which is not a benefit of effective communications? Most respondents who expect the environment to worsen said human nature is at fault. A) 50 objects including green triangles and red squares. Bots are often employed, and AI is expected to be implemented heavily in the information wars to magnify the speed and impact of messaging. Those who want to make sure they are getting a multiplicity of sources to see the range of inputs, and to sort through various types of inputs, will be able to do so, but I also expect that those who want to be in the game of influencing perceptions of reality and changing the perceptions of reality will also have ample means to do so. Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law, Free Expression Policy Project, Internet Filtering Software Tests: Barracuda, CyberPatrol, FilterGate, & WebSense(2008) Now, from the given options we can say that option A is correct because it matches the description we have above about Content based filtering. Some 1,116 responded to this nonscientific canvassing: 51% chose the option that the information environment will not improve, and 49% said the information environment will improve. Step 1: Get rid of unwanted observations The first stage in any data cleaning process is to remove the observations (or data points) you don't want. Any row that doesn't meet the conditions (the expression evaluates to false or NULL) is discarded. Were doomed to living in targeted information bubbles., An anonymous survey participant noted, Misinformation will play a major role in conflicts between nations and within competing parties within nation states., danah boyd, principal researcher at Microsoft Research and founder of Data & Society, wrote, Whats at stake right now around information is epistemological in nature. Without a framework for regulation, I cant imagine penalties.. That type of situation will continue. Some said they expect some other systematic and social changes will alter things. We live in an era where most people get their news via social media and it is very easy to spread fake news. Julia Koller, Karen Mossberger, professor and director of the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University, wrote, The spread of fake news is not merely a problem of bots, but part of a larger problem of whether or not people exercise critical thinking and information-literacy skills. Sally is struggling in her Freshman Composition class and sends the following text to her father, complaining about. Appendix A Answers to Assessment Questions | Part Two - The They say history validates this. But a pernicious harm of fake news is the doubt it sows about the reliability of all news. Some respondents expect a dramatic rise in the manipulation of the information environment by nation-states, by individual political actors and by groups wishing to spread propaganda. A share of respondents said a lack of commonly shared knowledge leads many in society to doubt the reliability of everything, causing them to simply drop out of civic participation, depleting the number of active and informed citizens. Since there are multiple approaches you can take for completing each of these tasks, we'll focus instead on the high-level activities. Center for Democracy and Technology, Internet Filtering and Adolescent Exposure to Online Sexual Material(2018) The legal climate for security research will continue to improve, as its connection to national security becomes increasingly obvious. Speech can be regulated in certain venues, but obviously not in all. Donald Trumps repeated fake news smears of The New York Times, Washington Post, etc., are among his most destructive non-truths., Susan Etlinger, industry analyst at Altimeter Research, said, There are two main dynamics at play: One is the increasing sophistication and availability of machine learning algorithms and the other is human nature. A ________ attack is an attack that is made before attack signatures for the threat are defined. Cold-Start Problem in Recommender Systems and its Mitigation Techniques They expressed faith in the inventiveness of these organizations and suggested the people of these companies will implement technology to embed moral and ethical thinking in the structure and business practices of their platforms, enabling the screening of content while still protecting rights such as free speech. Producers have an easy publishing platform to reach wide audiences and those audiences are flocking to the sources. Irresponsibility Social. 10. Information provided by the ALA Advocacy and Public Policy Office. With our limbic systems continuously engaged, were more likely to pay attention to stories that make us want to fight, take flight or fill our social media accounts with links. They also believe better information literacy among citizens will enable people to judge the veracity of material content and eventually raise the tone of discourse. These experts noted that the public has turned to social media especially Facebook to get its news. They said the publics craving for quick reads and tabloid-style sensationalism is what makes social media the field of choice for manipulative narratives, which are often packaged to appear like news headlines. Filters often block adults and minors from accessing a wide range of constitutionally protected speech. The problem is human nature, The Role of Alternative Social Media in the News and Information Environment, AI and Human Enhancement: Americans Openness Is Tempered by a Range of Concerns. Which of the following process helps in Image enhancement? Why would her boss suggest this? Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Trust in Media, In late 2016, Oxford Dictionaries selected post-truth as the word of the year, defining it as relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.. exam 2 possibly Flashcards | Chegg.com If a news story reaffirms what we already believe, its credible but if it rails against our beliefs, its fake. Amber Case, Laurel Felt, lecturer at the University of Southern California, There will be mechanisms for flagging suspicious content and providers and then apps and plugins for people to see the trust rating for a piece of content, an outlet or even an IP address. During a chemistry lab, your friend is listening intently for bubbling in her solution. In addition, there will be a reaction to the prevalence of false information so that people are more willing to act to assure their information will be accurate., Howard Rheingold, pioneer researcher of virtual communities, longtime professor and author of Net Smart: How to Thrive Online, noted, As I wrote in Net Smart in 2012, some combination of education, algorithmic and social systems can help improve the signal-to-noise ratio online with the caveat that misinformation/disinformation versus verified information is likely to be a continuing arms race. Its main goal is the management of the information overload and increment of the semantic signal-to-noise ratio. I agree. E-rate and Universal Service As long as these incentives exist, actors will find a way to exploit them. Medium conflict leads to high performance. Filtered vs. Unfiltered: What do these terms mean? D) The early selection filter because it does not filter out irrelevant physical information until after irrelevant semantic information is filtered out early in processing. They noted their faith was grounded in history, arguing that humans have always found ways to innovate to overcome problems. C) Gender of speaker Medium conflict leads to high performance. Information is only as reliable as the people who are receiving it. D) The number of items in the field does not affect the difficulty if the target item is the only one of that colour. What is a fact? In a spatial cueing paradigm, the target appears shortly after the cue, and equally often in both cued and uncued locations at random on the left and right sides. The public isnt motivated to seek out verified, vetted information. We need to replace ignorance and frustration with better life opportunities that restore confidence a tall order and a tough agenda. How much power are we turning over to them to govern our social discourse? Martin is the financial director of a small business. C) Adam is their friend who got lost earlier in the night and they were looking for him. b.Consensus, Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between conflict and performance is true? It is that there are all these other options, and people can choose to live in worlds where they ignore so-called reliable sources, or ignore a multiplicity of sources that can be compared, and focus on what they want to believe. Patrick Lambe, principal consultant at Straits Knowledge, commented, All largescale human systems are adaptive. The other side of the complexity coin is ignorance. ", Access Denied: How Internet Filtering in Schools Harms Public Education (February 2013) Like all resources and services provided by the library, provision of access to digital resources and services should follow the principles outlined in the Library Bill of Rights to ensure equitable access regardless of content or platform. They noted that misinformation and bad actors have always existed but have eventually been marginalized by smart people and processes. And we have come to see the television news teams as representing divergent points of view, and, depending on your politics, the network that does not represent your views is guilty of fake news. It is hard to imagine a fair referee that would be universally trusted., Richard Lachmann, professor of sociology at the State University of New York at Albany, replied, Even though systems [that] flag unreliable information can and will be developed, internet users have to be willing to take advantage of those warnings. Some think the threat of regulatory reform via government agencies may force the issue of required identities and the abolition of anonymity protections for platform users. Which one of the following statements on Filtering and Sorting is true? This section features responses by several of the top analysts who participated in this canvassing. A lot of fake news is created by a few people, and removing their incentive could stop much of the news postings., Andrea Matwyshyn, a professor of law at Northeastern University who researches innovation and law, particularly information security, observed, Software liability law will finally begin to evolve. Statement on Library Use of Filtering Software (1997) A story can be distorted, disproportional, meant to mislead and still, strictly speaking, factually accurate. Things will improve because people individually and collectively will make it so.. Each can have real facts, but it is the facts that are gathered that matter in coming to a conclusion; who will determine what facts will be considered or what is even considered a fact., A research assistant at MIT noted, Fake and true are not as binary as we would like, and combined with an increasingly connected and complex digital society its a challenge to manage the complexity of social media without prescribing a narrative as truth., An internet pioneer and longtime leader at ICANN said, There is little prospect of a forcing factor that will emerge that will improve the truthfulness of information in the internet., A vice president for stakeholder engagement said, Trust networks are best established with physical and unstructured interaction, discussion and observation. Filtering enables people to get the most accurate picture of a situation. Following this wide-ranging set of comments is a much more expansive set of quotations directly tied to the five primary themes identified in this report. People who were more susceptible to . However, when consumers are not directly paying for such accuracy, it will certainly mean a greater degree of misinformation in the public sphere. O Sorting can be applied to rows but not columns. O Sorting can be applied to rows but not columns. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main So ignorance breeds frustration, which breeds acting out, which breeds antisocial and pathological behavior, such as the disinformation, which was the subject of the survey, and many other undesirable second order effects. Filtering enables people to get the most accurate picture of a situation. "The ACLU believes in an uncensored Internet, a vast free-speech zone deserving at least as much First Amendment protection as that afforded to traditional media such as books, newspapers, and magazines. And the political environment is bad., Ian OByrne, assistant professor at the College of Charleston, replied, Human nature will take over as the salacious is often sexier than facts. By Heins, M., Cho, C. and Feldman, A., So the new divide will be between the people who want their information to be real vs. those who simply want it to feel important. Those who want to seek out reliable sources will have no problems doing so. Synthesis Report: Test and benchmark of products and services to voluntarily filter Internet content for children between 6 and 16 years, Internet Filtering Software Tests: Barracuda, CyberPatrol, FilterGate, & WebSense, The Effectiveness of Internet Content Filters, Internet filtering companies with religious affiliations in the context of Indiana public libraries, Filtering Software: The Religious Connection, Parental controls: advice for parents, researchers, and industry, Championing Internet Access for Students on Banned Websites Awareness Day. This has been referred to as the weaponization of public narratives. There will be a sort of gold standard set of sources, and there will be the fringe. Is there an immediate nexus between widespread ignorance and corrupted information sources? The problem is that its *still* very hard for computer systems to analyze text, find assertions made in the text and crosscheck them. That money is drying up, and it seems unlikely to be replaced within the next decade., Rich Ling, professor of media technology at the School of Communication and Information at Nanyang Technological University, said, We have seen the consequences of fake news in the U.S. presidential election and Brexit. Business Policy and Strategy question Question 1 Collaborating with other students on an assigned, group project is an example of learning through the use of the following type of 'intelligence': As soon as groups are assigned, Antonio says, "Well, there goes my grade. More specifically, the 51% of these experts who expect things will not improve generally cited two reasons: The fake news ecosystem preys on some of our deepest human instincts: Respondents said humans primal quest for success and power their survival instinct will continue to degrade the online information environment in the next decade. 3) A few trusted sources will continue to dominate the internet., Irene Wu, adjunct professor of communications, culture and technology at Georgetown University, said, Information will improve because people will learn better how to deal with masses of digital information. We apply that same logic to experts and sources quoted in stories. Content filters are unreliable because computer code and algorithms are still unable to adequately interpret, assess, and categorize the complexities of human communication, whether expressed in text or in image. Which of the following statements is accurate about . There was common agreement among many respondents whether they said they expect to see improvements in the information environment in the next decade or not that the problem of misinformation requires significant attention. "Peacefire.org was created in August 1996 to represent the interests of people under 18 in the debate over freedom of speech on the Internet. Which one of the following statements on Filtering and Sorting is true? Zbigniew ukasiak, Alex Sandy Pentland, member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the World Economic Forum, commented, We know how to dramatically improve the situation, based on studies of political and similar predictions. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. There has been a tremendous insertion of complex systems into many aspects of how we live in the decades since World War II, fueled by a tremendous growth in knowledge in general. Which one of the following statements about Filtering and Sorting is true? Many respondents agree that misinformation will persist as the online realm expands and more people are connected in more ways. Furthermore, they said technologists will play an important role in helping filter out misinformation and modeling new digital literacy practices for users. That is to say, things will become better but not necessarily good., AI, blockchain, crowdsourcing and other technologies will further enhance our ability to filter and qualify the veracity of information., There will be new visual cues developed to help news consumers distinguish between trusted news sources and others., Accurate facts are essential, particularly within a democracy, so this will be a high, shared value worthy of investment and government support, as well as private-sector initiatives., We are only at the beginning of drastic technological and societal changes.