Stage two is foreign intervention. The struggle would occur in cycles of protests for greater individual and national rights (such as the Croatian Spring) and subsequent repression. The wars left economic and political damage in the region that is still felt there decades later.[2]. Both Czechoslovakia and Democratic Federal Yugoslavia were among 51 original member states of the United Nations. As a condition of receiving loans, the IMF demanded the "market liberalisation" of Yugoslavia. The Czech Republic, a landlocked Central European country, covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers (30,450 sq mi). In addition to Vienna and Budapest, Prague was certainly the empire's third capital. In the Croatian independence referendum held on 2 May 1991, 93.24% voted for independence. Corrections? He instituted a more openly reformist program, socialism with a human face, that encouraged non-Communists to participate in government and restored a number of civil liberties. National Security Decision Directive 133. Both Czechoslovakia and Democratic Federal Yugoslavia were among 51 original member states of the United Nations. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the calls for independence became increasingly louder - especially in Slovakia. History of the Jews during World War II - Wikipedia The economic problems of the new South Slav state had been to some extent a reflection of its diverse origins. The liberation of Czechoslovakia by Soviet troops during World War II helped bolster the Communist Party while hindering the numerous other parties that emerged. In Serbia the two provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina were given autonomous status in order to acknowledge the specific interests of Albanians and Magyars, respectively. It was very different when Czechoslovakia disbanded. [74], Some observers opined that the break up of the Yugoslav state violated the principles of post-Cold War system, enshrined in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE/OSCE) and the Treaty of Paris of 1990. Specifically, the six republics that made up the federation - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (including the regions of Kosovo and Vojvodina) and Slovenia. These three regions would combine into the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) on 19 December 1991. The Death of Yugoslavia. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in 2006). Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Professor of History, University of Maryland. [57], In Vukovar, ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs exploded into violence when the Yugoslav army entered the town. [56], At the same time, the Serbian government contradicted its Montenegrin allies with claims by the Serbian Prime Minister Dragutin Zelenovi that Dubrovnik was historically Serbian, not Montenegrin. [2] Hungary and Albania lost around half of their Jewish populations, the Soviet Union, Germany, Austria and Luxembourg lost over one third of its Jews, Belgium and France each saw around a quarter of their Jewish . His death removed what many international political observers saw as Yugoslavia's main unifying force, and subsequently ethnic tension started to grow in Yugoslavia. On 28 April 1992, the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. There were also large minorities of Hungarians, Ukrainians, Poles and Roma. Miloevi contended that such criticism was unfounded and amounted to "spreading fear of Serbia". Both quislings were confronted and eventually defeated by the communist-led, anti-fascist Partisan movement composed of members of all ethnic groups in the area, leading to the formation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The proposal was rejected as the Bosnian delegate Bogi Bogievi voted against it, believing that there was still the possibility of diplomacy being able to solve the crisis. We say to them "We are not afraid. 1995. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The 1974 constitution was an attempt to short-circuit this pattern by entrenching the federal model and formalising national rights. Dizdarevi argued with Jovi saying that "You [Serbian politicians] organized the demonstrations, you control it", Jovi refused to take responsibility for the actions of the protesters. On 20-21 August 1968, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Hungarian People's Republic. [13] It highlighted the vast differences in the quality of life in the different republics. The USSR and other Warsaw pact nations invaded. Collapse of Communism Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet The federal assembly (Skuptina) had only two chambers: the Federal Chamber, consisting of 220 delegates from work organizations, communes, and sociopolitical bodies; and the Chamber of Republics and Provinces, containing 88 delegates from republican and provincial assemblies. Together with representatives of the Slovak national movement, they settled on a common state. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. Despite this federal form, the new state was at first highly centralized both politically and economically, with power held firmly by Titos Communist Party of Yugoslavia and a constitution closely modeled on that of the Soviet Union. Albanian protesters demanded that Vllasi be returned to office, and Vllasi's support for the demonstrations caused Miloevi and his allies to respond stating this was a "counter-revolution against Serbia and Yugoslavia", and demanded that the federal Yugoslav government put down the striking Albanians by force. Slovak president Zuzana aputov and Czech president Petr - Reddit In turn, the Croats and Slovenes sought to reform Yugoslavia by delegating even more power to six republics, but were voted down continuously in every motion and attempt to force the party to adopt the new voting system. The 500 communes were direct agents for the collection of most government revenue, and they also provided social services. Ukrainian soldiers find remains of German WWII soldiers, LGBTQ+ rights situation at home drives young Slovaks abroad, Remembering the horrors of Colonia Dignidad in Chile. The third Yugoslavia, inaugurated on April 27, 1992, had roughly 45 percent of the population and 40 percent of the area of its predecessor and consisted of only two republics, Serbia and Montenegro, which agreed to abandon the name Yugoslavia in 2003 and rename the country Serbia and Montenegro. The problems in the Serbian Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo between ethnic Serbs and Albanians grew exponentially. This meant that the YPA would have to fire the first shot, which was fired on 27 June at 14:30 in Divaa by an officer of the YPA.[53]. This article is about the events entailing the 1991 and 1992 dissolution of the Yugoslav state. Along with external pressure, this caused the adoption of multi-party systems in all the republics. The formation of a Yugoslav nation remained largely unsuccessful, and the country ultimately split on largely ethnic lines. With their highly developed industries and rich cultural traditions, Bohemia and Moravia - the regions that make up the current Czech Republic - played an important role within the Habsburg monarchy. Yugoslavia was a unique state, straddling both the East and West. [65] The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was subsequently admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992. Three federations have borne the name Yugoslavia (Land of the South Slavs). SR Croatia prevented Serb protesters from reaching Slovenia. After a decade of acrimonious party struggle, King Alexander I in 1929 prorogued the assembly, declared a royal dictatorship, and changed the name of the state to Yugoslavia. Carrington responded by putting the issue to a vote in which all the other republics, including Montenegro under Momir Bulatovi, initially agreed to the plan that would dissolve Yugoslavia. During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to ethnic separatist parties in the first multi-party elections held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where Miloevi and his allies won. This constitution broke down powers between the capital and the autonomous regions in Vojvodina (an area of Yugoslavia with a large number of ethnic minorities) and Kosovo (with a large ethnic-Albanian population). To the Croatian government, this action by the Yugoslav air force revealed to them that the Yugoslav People's Army was increasingly under Serbian control. This nation was called the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, but there was arguably another state involved. [40] Miloevi's answer to the incompetence of the federal system was to centralise the government. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved and rebranded. On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the soon-to-be Republika Srpska), and proceeded to form Serbian autonomous regions (SARs) throughout the state. It was agreed to in Munich by the leading European powers of the day in the . Finally, the independence of Croatia was declared on 25 June 1991. Prior to the beginning of World War II (WWII), Czechoslovakia was annexed by Germany. The bordering mountain ranges can be observed on the physical map of the Czech Republic above. There have been no problems between Macedonian and Serbian border police, even though small pockets of Kosovo and the Preevo valley complete the northern reaches of the historical region known as Macedonia, which would otherwise have created a border dispute (see also IMORO). The government of SR Serbia was restricted in making and carrying out decisions that would apply to the provinces. A shout came from the crowd to "arrest Vllasi". Perhaps having put too much faith in Czechoslovakia's democratic . [17][not specific enough to verify], Meanwhile, the more prosperous republics of SR Slovenia and SR Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization and democracy. At a 1988 rally in Belgrade, Miloevi made clear his perception of the situation facing SR Serbia in Yugoslavia, saying: At home and abroad, Serbia's enemies are massing against us. [25][failed verification] Both Croatia and Slovenia felt that they were paying too much money into the federal budget to support the "have not" republics, while Serbia wanted Croatia and Slovenia to pay more money into the federal budget to support them at a time of austerity. The Prague Spring - The Cold War, 1961-1972 - BBC Bitesize The crisis that emerged in Yugoslavia was connected with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Both the United and Great Britain denounced the communist seizure of power in Czechoslovakia, but neither took any direct action. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimisation. For key dates of the dissolution, see, Death of Tito and the weakening of Communism, Economic collapse and the international climate, Rise of nationalism in Serbia (19871989), Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Zagreb had by this time discontinued submitting tax money to Belgrade, and the Croatian Serb entities in turn halted paying taxes to Zagreb. Brezhnev's notion of limited sovereignty and the Soviet . West Germany would have grown much stronger than East Germany. With the 1974 constitution, the influence of the central government of SR Serbia over the provinces was greatly reduced, which gave them long-sought autonomy. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Duncan, W. Raymond and Holman, G. Paul, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 05:21. Post-war Czechoslovakia: Politics, Economy & Soviet Influence In some places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a buffer zone,[where?] Ellen Kershner June 18 2020 in History Home History The History Of Czechoslovakia And Why It Split Up Republican communist organisations became the separate socialist parties. Coeditor of. [67], In the Macedonian independence referendum held on 8 September 1991, 95.26% voted for independence, which was declared on 25 September 1991.[68]. The BBC documentary The Death of Yugoslavia revealed that at the time, Croatian TV dismissed the "Log Revolution" as the work of drunken Serbs, trying to diminish the serious dispute. pegelj announced during the meeting that Croatia was at war with the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA, Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) and gave instructions about arms smuggling as well as methods of dealing with the Army's officers stationed in Croatian cities. In January 1991, the Yugoslav counter-intelligence service, KOS (Kontraobavetajna sluba), displayed a video of a secret meeting (the "pegelj Tapes") that they purported had happened some time in 1990 between the Croatian Defence Minister, Martin pegelj, and two other men. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. I think it was wise, the disagreements would just continue brewing. The political union of Czechs and Slovaks after World War I was feasible because the two ethnic groups are closely related in language, religion, and general culture. In the meeting, a vote was taken on a proposal to enact martial law to allow for military action to end the crisis in Croatia by providing protection for the Serbs. However, the attempt to replay the anti-bureaucratic revolution in Ljubljana in December 1989 failed: the Serb protesters who were to go by train to Slovenia were stopped when the police of SR Croatia blocked all transit through its territory in coordination with the Slovene police forces. Milestones: 1961-1968 - Office of the Historian Bohemia and Moravia, populated by Czechs, constituted its western portion, while Slovakia occupied the eastern portion. Under Austria-Hungary, both Slovenes and Croats enjoyed autonomy with free hands only in education, law, religion, and 45% of taxes. This common state was by no means homogeneous: Of the 14 million people, 7 million were Czechs, 2.5 million Slovaks and more than 3 million Sudeten Germans. The historical regions were replaced by nine prefectures (banovine), all drafted deliberately to cut across the lines of traditional regions. After a split with the Soviet Union in 1948, Yugoslavia had by the 1960s come to place greater reliance on market mechanisms. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Czechoslovakia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Czechoslovakia, GlobalSecurity.org - Czechoslovakia in World War II, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe - Czechoslovakia. Though it began similarly, Yugoslavia took a different path to disintegration. Greece, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Latvia each had over 70% of their Jewish population murdered. and still see Kosovo as the "cradle of the nation", and would not accept the possibility of losing it to the majority Albanian population. [42] Serbia had by now printed $1.8billion worth of new money without any backing of the Yugoslav National Bank.[43]. Both Croats and Muslims were recruited as soldiers by the SS (primarily in the 13th Waffen Mountain Division). Communists take power in Czechoslovakia - History Don't think that you won't take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim people maybe into extinction. Immediately after Croatia's declaration of independence, Croatian Serbs also formed the SAO Western Slavonia and the SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem. Kosovo Albanians started to demand that Kosovo be granted the status of a constituent republic beginning in the early 1980s, particularly with the 1981 protests in Kosovo. Bush was the only major power representative to voice an objection. However, on 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. Real earnings in Yugoslavia fell by 25% from 1979 to 1985. Soon after the Communists were pushed from power by the velvet revolution in November 1989, Slovak leaders began talking. After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo ukanovi, at the time an ally of Miloevi, appealed to Montenegrin nationalism, promising that the capture of Dubrovnik would allow the expansion of Montenegro into the city which he claimed was historically part of Montenegro, and denounced the present borders of Montenegro as being "drawn by the old and poorly educated Bolshevik cartographers". A brief treatment of the history of Czechoslovakia follows. In 1953, 1963, and 1974, however, a succession of new constitutions created an ever more loosely coordinated union, the locus of power being steadily shifted downward from the federal level to economic enterprises, municipalities, and republic-level apparatuses of the Communist Party (renamed the League of Communists of Yugoslavia). Serbian politicians were alarmed by a change of phrasing in the Christmas Constitution of Croatia that changed the status of ethnic Serbs of Croatia from an explicitly mentioned nation (narod) to a nation listed together with minorities (narodi i manjine). Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991. Serb paramilitaries committed atrocities against Croats, killing over 200, and displacing others to add to those who fled the town in the Vukovar massacre.[59]. Czechoslovak history - Czechoslovakia (1918-92) | Britannica Czech position was that an even looser federation is unviable, and it's better to split in that case. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia asserted in its Opinion No. These actions made him popular amongst Serbs and aided his rise to power in Serbia. The question of succession was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Serbia inherited the State Union's UN membership.[77]. The Soviet Intervention that Never Happened | Wilson Center The important elements that fostered the discord involved contemporary and historical factors, including the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the first breakup and subsequent inter-ethnic and political wars and genocide during World WarII, ideas of Greater Albania, Greater Croatia and Greater Serbia and conflicting views about Pan-Slavism, and the unilateral recognition by a newly reunited Germany of the breakaway republics. [40] On 16 May 1991, the Serbian parliament replaced Sapunxhiu with Sejdo Bajramovi, and Vojvodina's Nenad Buin with Jugoslav Kosti. Corrections? Territory of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938-1939) In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland. [7] These same historians also established the deaths of 192,000 to 207,000 ethnic Croats and 86,000 to 103,000 Muslims from all affiliations and causes throughout Yugoslavia. [23][failed verification], A wave of major strikes developed in 198788 as workers demanded higher wages to compensate for inflation, as the IMF mandated the end of various subsidies, and they were accompanied by denunciations of the entire system as corrupt. Its parliament was fragmented on ethnic lines into a plurality Bosniak faction and minority Serb and Croat factions. [5] The assassination and human rights abuses were subject of concern for the Human Rights League and precipitated voices of protest from intellectuals, including Albert Einstein. Such defects in the system were patched over by massive and uncoordinated foreign borrowing, but after 1983 the International Monetary Fund demanded extensive economic restructuring as a precondition for further support. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kraljevina Jugoslavija), officially proclaimed in 1929 and lasting until World War II, covered 95,576 square miles (247,542 square km). Also known as: esk a Slovensk Federativn Republika, esk a Slovensk Federativna Republika, eskoslovensko, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. The first treaty between the United States and Czechoslovakia dealt with commercial relations, and was signed at Prague on October 29, 1923. Miloevi refused to agree to the plan, as he claimed that the European Community had no right to dissolve Yugoslavia and that the plan was not in the interests of Serbs as it would divide the Serb people into four republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia). In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, had lost its ideological base.[16]. In late 1989, however, a wave of democratization swept through eastern Europe with the encouragement of the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. The extent of Vatican and Federal Intelligence Agency of Germany (BND) intervention in this episode has been explored by scholars familiar with the details, but the historical record remains disputed. Yugoslavia had been communist since World War Two but was . Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midor in the Balkan Mountains, thus including a large part of Southeast Europe, a region with a history of ethnic conflict. After initial resistance to this legal opinion (partially supported by certain Non-Aligned countries), The so-called Federal Republic of Yugoslavia accepted shared succession after the overthrow of Slobodan Miloevi. [3] Yugoslavia provided refuge for numerous Czechoslovak citizens (many on holidays) and politicians including Ota ik, Ji Hjek, Frantiek Vlasak and tefan Gaparik. In 1987, Serbian official Slobodan Miloevi was sent to bring calm to an ethnically driven protest by Serbs against the Albanian administration of SAP Kosovo. On 19 May 1991, the second round of the referendum on the structure of the Yugoslav federation was held in Croatia. From 1960 to 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years. Revolutions of 1989 - Wikipedia In January 1990, the extraordinary 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was convened. The Violent Dissolution of Yugoslavia: A Comparative Perspective, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CzechoslovakiaYugoslavia_relations&oldid=1139600508, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 23:25. Croatian delegate Stjepan Mesi responded angrily to the proposal, accusing Jovi and Kadijevi of attempting to use the army to create a Greater Serbia and declared "That means war!". According to the official results, the turnout was 63.4%, and 99.7% of the voters voted for independence. [73], In 1999 Social Democratic Party of Germany leader Oskar Lafontaine criticised the role played by Germany in the break up of Yugoslavia, with its early recognition of the independence of the republics, during his May Day speech. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. At the same time, former royalist, General Milan Nedi, was installed by the Axis as head of the puppet government and local Serbs were recruited into the Gestapo and the Serbian Volunteer Corps, which was linked to the German Waffen-SS. Work organizations might be either Basic Organizations of Associated Labour (the subdivisions of a single enterprise) or Complex Organizations of Associated Labour uniting different segments of an overall activity (e.g., manufacture and distribution). The FR Yugoslavia was renamed on 4 February 2003 as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. [19] In particular, Slovaks resisted the Czechs preference for rapid privatization of the countrys state-run industries. Shortly after the Munich verdict, Poland sent troops to annex the Teschen region. Yugoslavia's non-aligned status resulted in access to loans from both superpower blocs. Czechoslovakias Communist leadership found itself confronted by mass demonstrations in Prague opposed to its policies, and the party soon gave in to the demands for reform. The personnel manning the border posts were, in most cases, already Slovenians, so the Slovenian take-over mostly simply amounted to changing of uniforms and insignia, without any fighting. The objective was similar in both cases: to unite different-but-similar peoples in common, independent states. An independent Czechoslovak state was declared by Tom Masaryk, Edvard Bene, and other leaders on October 28, 1918, and was quickly recognized by France and other Allied opponents of Austria. Beth J. Asch, Courtland Reichmann, Rand Corporation. Five hundred US soldiers were then deployed under the UN banner to monitor Macedonia's northern border with Serbia. Miloevi used this to rally Serbs against the Croatian government and Serbian newspapers joined in the warmongering. Omissions? In the 1995 BBC2 documentary The Death of Yugoslavia, Kuan claimed that in 1989, he was concerned that with the successes of Miloevi's anti-bureaucratic revolution in Serbia's provinces as well as Montenegro, that his small republic would be the next target for a political coup by Miloevi's supporters if the coup in Kosovo went unimpeded. Riding the wave of nationalist sentiment and his new popularity gained in Kosovo, Slobodan Miloevi (Chairman of the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) since May 1986) became the most powerful politician in Serbia by defeating his former mentor President of Serbia Ivan Stambolic at the 8th Session of the League of Communists of Serbia on 22 September 1987. Macedonia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 8 April 1993;[73] its membership approval took longer than the others due to Greek objections. Woodward, Susan, L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos & Dissolution after the Cold War, the Brookings Institution Press, Virginia, USA, 1995, p. 200, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito, Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 8th Session of the League of Communists of Serbia, 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Croatian independence referendum held on 2 May 1991, SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem, People's Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO airstrikes against Bosnian Serb targets, Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia, "The forgotten Yugoslavian side of Italia 90", "Decades later, Bosnia still struggling with the aftermath of war", "The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba)", Appeal to the international league of human rights, "Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis", "Yugoslav republic jealously guards its gains", "YUGOSLAVIA: KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DEBT CRISIS", "Agrokomerc Ex-Director Goes on Hunger Strike in Jail", "Austerity and Unrest on Rise in Eastern Block", "Yugoslav Police Fight Off A Siege in Provincial City", "Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign", "A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former): Political Innovation and the 1974 Constitution (chapter 4)", "Historical Circumstances in Which "The Rally of Truth" in Ljubljana Was Prevented", "Stjepan Mesi, svjedok kraja (I) Ja sam inicirao sastanak na kojem je podijeljena Bosna", "Stanovnitvo prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti i povrina naselja, popis 1991. za Hrvatsku", "Svjedoci raspada Stipe uvar: Moji obrauni s njima", "CSCE:: Article:: Report: The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina", "Some legal (and political) considerations about the legal framework for referendum in Montenegro, in the light of European experiences and standards", "THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC", Karadzic and Mladic: The Worlds Most Wanted Men FOCUS Information Agency, The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: February 29-March 1, 1992, "GERMANY CRITICIZES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY POLICY ON YUGOSLAVIA", "Kohl's roll of the dice in 1991 helped further destabilise the Balkans", "Leaders propose dividing Bosnia into three areas", Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&oldid=1151940752.