Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Figure 2.9. Is this correct? Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. c. role-playing. d. classical conditioning. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. 68. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. 54. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. d. sociocultural. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Right? The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. 164. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Over time I learned that attention was good. 58. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. b. modeling. d. past traumatic experiences. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. c. superego. d. displacement. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. a. psychoanalysis. 151. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. 156. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? b. develop depression even when not under stress. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Track the accuracy of the thought. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. c. primary process thought. 2.3.1.5. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. b. cognitive-behavioral In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. c. client-centered a. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. 131. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. d. frustrating the client. 27. a. behavior-focused b. negative transference. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. This is called: a. fixation. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. b. neurosis. How so? d. it is too narrow in certain ways. d. Freud. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. c. irrational patterns of thinking. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. 2.3.4.3. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. 81. c. illogical thinking. d. humanistic. 146. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. 61. 70. b. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. b. humanistic-existential. 25. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). 2.3.3.1. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. 36. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. 94. How so? The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 2.2.1.6. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. I'm here for you." Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Shonda responds by changing the subject. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Consider your parents for a minute. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). b. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. c. The receiving neurons fire. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. The humanistic perspective. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. 77. d. psychodynamic. c. cognitive-behavioral What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. sociocultural Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Which would be a part of your paradigm? c. sociocultural In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. The perspective is overly precise. a. humanistic b. multicultural. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. 92. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Thats all right. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. See Figure 2.4 below. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. d. case studies. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. We must try to convert what we see into action. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. c. psychodynamic. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. 30. 133. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. 32. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. They are tied to experiences early in life. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. 89. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. 108. b. rationalization. b. overgeneralization. a. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. 122. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. 113. b. sociocultural c. neurotransmitters. b. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. 2.3.4. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. 69. 2.3.1.3. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts Identify and define important neurotransmitters. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. d. existential. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Shonda responds by changing the subject. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. 148. 145. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. b. cognitive-behavioral. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. 95. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? c. existential According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). However, she went to the restroom to change instead. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Neural transmission. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 47. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. They are sexual in nature. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Psychosurgery. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. b. cognitive-behavioral When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. 93. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders.